Michelangelo Was One Of The Greatest Artists Of All Time. He Excelled

Michelangelo was one of the greatest artists of all time. He excelled in architecture, sculpture, painting, poetry, and engineering. He was a true Renaissance man who lived a long emotional life. In painting The Last Judgment, Michelangelo was able to incorporate all that he had learned about the human body. He was able to show the way the body moved, as well as it's displays of unrestrained passion, overwhelming grief, or endless torment. This is what makes The Last Judgment such a unique and exceptional work of art. In the spring of 1534, Michelangelo received a commission from Clement VII to paint The Last Judgment on the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel. He was also commissioned at this time to paint a Fall of the Angels on the entrance wall, but this second work was never executed. He had painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel some twenty eight years prior, but the style of his The Last Judgment would greatly differ from that of the ceiling. Before Michelangelo could begin, there were many preparations to be made. A scaffold had to be built and the wall had to be prepared. Five paintings by Perugino and Michelangelo had to be removed. Two windows had to be walled up and Michelangelo ordered it to be inclined forward by about half an ell toward the top, hoping in this fashion to protect his work against the accumulation of dust. (Brandes 388) Sebastiano del Piombo had persuaded the pope that the painting would look best in oil, and the wall was therefore prepared to receive oil pigments. This delayed the beginning of the work, since Michelangelo declared oil-painting to be an effeminate art and insisted on painting al fresco, as he had done with the ceiling. The wall had to be done over and Michelangelo never spoke to Sebastiano, who had once been a student of Michelangelo. (Brandes 389) There were many previous depictions of the Last Judgment which influenced Michelangelo's plan for the painting. Such other works include Giotto's painting on the wall of the Camposanto in Pisa, Giovanni Pisano's sculpture on the pulpit of the San Andrea in Pistoia, and Fra Angelica's and Signorelli's frescoes in Orvieto. Finally, there is the reverse side of a medallion his old teacher Bertoldo had made for Archbishop Filipo de' Medici. (Brandes 385) Michelangelo began the giant painting sometime during April and May of 1536. He worked rigorously on the project until he fell from the scaffolding a few months prior to the completion of the painting and seriously hurt his leg. Following his recovery, Michelangelo returned to work on The Last Judgment. It was completed in October of 1541 and unveiled on Christmas Day two months later. (Symonds 328) Many were appalled to see the great amount of nudity which filled the painting. They did not feel that it was appropriate for such holy people to be depicted without clothes on. Michelangelo felt that it was the body which ascends to Heaven, not the clothes. Unfortunately, Michelangelo's masterpiece only remained intact for fourteen years, at which point artists were commissioned to paint clothes on the most beautiful nudes. (Brandes 392-394) The central figure of The Last Judgment is of course, Christ. However, the Christ which appears in Michelangelo's The Last Judgment, is not the typical loving, and sympathetic Christ depicted throughout the Renaissance. The fresco is dominated by Christ as the medieval judge of the world--a giant whose might right arm is lifted in a gesture of damnation so broad and universal as to suggest he will destroy all creation, Heaven and earth alike. (Croix, Tansey, and Kirkpatrick 665) Michelangelo followed the tradition of others in having Christ at the top, with his hand raised, brighter than the rest of the angels and demons. Christ seems to have a harsh and cold expression which furthers Michelangelo's depiction of Christ as the Judge. Standing closest to Jesus on the right is St. John. He is the young man who forms the counterpart to the Madonna, but he is completely in awe of Christ, while the Madonna seems to droop in some sort of dismay. She does not look toward Christ, nor toward anyone else. The large man to the right, holding the key to heaven

Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls

â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† Romanticism supports the idea that feeling and intuition are more valuable than reason. This belief opposed all the main ideas of the thoughts that ruled the literary world for years before. Between 1800 and 1860, Romanticism’s concepts were well shown through the works of authors and poets such as Hawthorne, Poe, and Longfellow. â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† by Longfellow is a worthy model of Romanticism through its emphasis on nature. Because the poem set on a beach, Longfellow describes the setting as â€Å"...sea-sands damp and brown...† and â€Å"...the little waves, with their soft, white hands.† The repetition of the tide is also an important part of his description. With the contemplation of nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral development, being one of the Romanticists’ beliefs, Longfellow’s traveler leaves Earth and seeks a new life. In â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† Longfellow places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. When Longfellow describes how the setting of the beach causes him to feel he is describing his inner experiences. He also describes each detail of the traveler’s surroundings. While focusing on the feelings and thoughts he has takes in from the restless beach, Longfellow describes what he feels while in this setting. Lastly, this poem reflects on its romantic beliefs when it shows Longfellow’s quest for some higher truth in the natural world. Longfellow uses the repetitiveness of the tide rising and falling again to show the way life comes and goes but will always be moving. By saying â€Å"The day returns, but nevermore returns the traveler to the shore,† Longfellow alludes to his belief that all life does not end after death. He also describes the beach’s tides as inescapable, just as some people feel towards death. In conclusion, the poem, â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† deals with Rom... Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Free Essays on The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† Romanticism supports the idea that feeling and intuition are more valuable than reason. This belief opposed all the main ideas of the thoughts that ruled the literary world for years before. Between 1800 and 1860, Romanticism’s concepts were well shown through the works of authors and poets such as Hawthorne, Poe, and Longfellow. â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls† by Longfellow is a worthy model of Romanticism through its emphasis on nature. Because the poem set on a beach, Longfellow describes the setting as â€Å"...sea-sands damp and brown...† and â€Å"...the little waves, with their soft, white hands.† The repetition of the tide is also an important part of his description. With the contemplation of nature’s beauty as a path to spiritual and moral development, being one of the Romanticists’ beliefs, Longfellow’s traveler leaves Earth and seeks a new life. In â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† Longfellow places faith in inner experience and the power of imagination. When Longfellow describes how the setting of the beach causes him to feel he is describing his inner experiences. He also describes each detail of the traveler’s surroundings. While focusing on the feelings and thoughts he has takes in from the restless beach, Longfellow describes what he feels while in this setting. Lastly, this poem reflects on its romantic beliefs when it shows Longfellow’s quest for some higher truth in the natural world. Longfellow uses the repetitiveness of the tide rising and falling again to show the way life comes and goes but will always be moving. By saying â€Å"The day returns, but nevermore returns the traveler to the shore,† Longfellow alludes to his belief that all life does not end after death. He also describes the beach’s tides as inescapable, just as some people feel towards death. In conclusion, the poem, â€Å"The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls,† deals with Rom...

One Thousand White Women essays

One Thousand White Women essays Democracy is the oldest and greatest types of government all around the world. The simple definition of Democracy is a form of government in which the power is vested in all the people. The word Democracy is of Greek origin and is actually made up of two different words: demos which means people, and kratos which means power. When issues arose, the tribe would meet, discuss the situation, and come up with a positive solution. With these antics, and they way they handled themselves, they were much more civilized than the white man. Each tribe had its chief and counselors, where the chief was required to give good order and keep the peace. Almost all of the tribes practiced democratic principles with all adults have the equal opportunity to speak on issues and to vote in important situations. Though most of the chiefs had prestige, few had dictatorial powers. Some chiefs inherited their positions, others were elected. Then there were the few chiefs that ruled outright. They held their positions because of past experience and great success in situations from war to diplomacy. Little Wolf, the chief of the Cheyenne people in One Thousand White Women, was a strong, quiet leader whos leadership was recognized, and word was honored by the tribe. He and his family were well respected and had many relationships in the Cheyenne tribe. Little Wolf even held private meetings with other leaders such as President Grant, the chief of the Sioux, and the chiefs of other Southern Cheyenne tribes. Little Wolf used this access to such honored people to always look out for the good wellbeing of his people. Little Wolf also held meetings, which they called powwows, with other leaders of his tribe to discuss important issues. Only the highest ranking men in the tribe would be able to attend the powwows. During these meetings each man would get his equal turn to speak his opinion on the matter. They would ...

The Meanings and Variations of Sister

The Meanings and Variations of Sister The Meanings and Variations of Sister The Meanings and Variations of Sister By Mark Nichol Sister, from the Old English word sweoster and cognate with the Latin term soror, means not only â€Å"a female with one or more parents in common† but has also come, by extension, to refer to a woman with whom one has a bond or a common interest. It also applies to national or racial commonality, as in the term â€Å"soul sister,† which in American English describes a black female. In addition, it can refer loosely to a female relative or a girl or woman with whom one has an affinity, including among feminists; it is also slang for referring to a female in general. In religious contexts, it denotes a female member of a religious order. Because nuns often served as nurses, in British English, sister is still synonymous with nurse. Sis is an informal abbreviation, often used in direct address by a sibling, as is sissy, though this term acquired the pejorative connotation of an effeminate man. The quality of being a sister, literally or figuratively, is sisterhood; the term also applies to a society of sisters, such as a religious community of women. Sister-german is a technical legal term pertaining to the default definition of sister- â€Å"a woman or girl who has both of the same parents as a given person,† as opposed to a half sister, who shares only one parent, or a stepsister, the daughter of a stepparent. (The term german, from the Latin word germanus, means â€Å"having the same parents† and is unrelated to the proper noun referring to a person from Germany.) A blood sister is literally a sister by birth or figuratively someone with whom one shares a bond of loyalty; this term, inspired by â€Å"blood brother,† alludes to the ceremonial exchange of blood between two men, often by mingling blood at the point of a slight self-inflicted wound. â€Å"Big sister† refers to one’s older female sibling or to a woman who mentors a girl to whom she is not related. Phrases that include the word include â€Å"sister act,† a term from vaudeville describing a variety act consisting of two or more sisters, and â€Å"sob sister,† slang for an advice columnist or a writer of sentimental stories supposed to appeal primarily to women, alluding to the emotional reaction expected of female readers when reading such material. â€Å"Weak sister† is an allusion to the supposed inferiority of women that refers to an ineffectual, unreliable, or weak person in a group. Meanwhile, a sister language is one in the same language family, such as Spanish as compared to Portuguese and vice versa, while a sister city is a municipality that has established a cultural-exchange connection with a city in another country. In construction, to sister is to strengthen a structural element by attaching a similar component to it. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Spelling Test 150 Diminutive Suffixes (and a Cute Little Prefix)One "L" or Two?

Lean management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lean management - Assignment Example The method, which was employed during this work, was designed for the lean management introduction process for improvement initiative across the organization along with the effective organizational strategies. The report also utilized varied methods of collecting data including the sample surveys, use of questionnaires, interviews and the focused group discussions. The report offered an analysis on the way these methods were utilized for gathering adequate information about the topic under study. The report results were given and this included the outcomes of the research that was done through using varied data collection methods. The researcher packed up the report results with varied sources in order to enable the reader to understand the need for lean management in an organization. The conclusion also was given and this included a brief summary of what was discussed in the report. Lastly, the recommendations were given, which revealed some significant measures that should be taken in order to achieve successful organizational performance when employing lean management approach. A Business Report Introduction Lean management and organizational learning have become the fundamental driving forces for successful business in the contemporary society; thus contributing to a competitive advantage in an organization. The main objective of employing lean management is to maximize customer value while minimizing resources.... It also appears that lean management has only remained the popular strategy in many organizations; hence, it is applied at all strategies of production and management levels across the organizations. Thus, the report evaluates and offer recommendations on the feasibility and implications of applying lean management as a vital approach for improvement initiative across the organizational level. Report Purpose/Objectives The report aims to explore and examine the significant of the implementation of lean management from the perspective of organizational learning. The report attempts to find out the significant role of lean management approach for specific process improvement initiative across the organization. The report employs effective methods of analyzing the literature materials in order to determine the way lean approach percolates into a wider operation circles to enable businesses to achieve a competitive advantage. The report evaluates and offers effective recommendations on t he feasibility and implications of applying lean management as a vital approach for improvement initiative across the organizational level. Methods The method, which was employed during this work, was designed for the lean management introduction process improvement initiative across the organization, along with the effective organizational strategies. The information used in this report was collected by consulting an independent review from scholarly, journals and academic management reports. The information was also collected through contacting the individual companies for additional information about lean approach for specific process improvement initiative across the organization. Further research methods including use of questionnaires, interviews, focused group discussions and

Creating Your Own Start-up Business Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creating Your Own Start-up Business - Assignment Example In the very beginning the business would be limited to importing homemade ups namely bed covers, curtains, pillow covers, quilts, towels and the like. The market for such goods in the United States is not only large but rather diverse because consumers from all buying strata are present in the market. Moreover the market’s large size means that imported textile products have a low chance of getting stuck up in warehouses because there are not enough right kinds of buyers (Arthur and Sheffrin). Another advantage in starting such a business could be local contacts in the South East Asian region who could supervise the manufacturing and supply efforts. 2. Business Structure Preferably the business would have a centralized buying office in the United States close to a major port which would help in dealing with incoming supplies and custom clearance for imported goods. Moreover the business would possess overseas buying offices in the South East Asian region typically located in I ndia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Pakistan (Haider). Given the restriction of funds initially the business would have only one overseas office in India to supervise the manufacturing and supply efforts. Within the United States the business would have a CEO supervising local distribution along with a small staffing. The overseas offices would have no more than two employees to oversee the entire manufacturing to ensure quality and to report delays in a timely fashion. 3. Relevance of Skill Set and Background Being a business major background would help me to focus on business areas that matter most for example I would prefer to spend money initially on surveys and questionnaires to determine market demand rather than importing blindly. Also my credentials with finance would allow me to keep a close watch over the budget to see if the business might overrun its estimated targets. Such an effort is all the more critical initially because squandering money in the beginning would be easy and would leave the business high and dry. Similarly my background in business studies would allow me to market my products more effectively as I would try to hit target market segments only instead of trying to subdue the entire market. Another major advantage that would allow me to develop this business more effectively is a contact in India who is already involved in shipping textile goods to the United States. My contact in India would be able to help me with his expertise in supervising manufacturing one on one and would also be able to ensure quality at the very first step in the supply chain. 4. Offered Services As mentioned before the business would initially offer homemade up textiles only but later as the business expands it will include garments and apparel as well. For the initial homemade ups market the business would provide a large variety of designs and styles that have been manufactured and packaged outside the United States. When the goods have been imported to the United States they will be distributed throughout the nation by the business using a complete supply chain mechanism that ensures adequate stock levels at all times. Overall the business would be offering a comprehensive supply chain mechanism for textile goods (Joshi). 5. Target Markets In order to start the business the market segments that would be most desirable to deal with are the lower and middle spending tier segments. Though there is rampant competition in either market segment but the

UNODC and organized crimes Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNODC and organized crimes - Coursework Example In Afghanistan, the Taliban had a share of about US$ 155 million; drug traffickers obtained a share of about US$2.2 billion while farmers got around US$440 million (UNODC, 2011). The report also claims that the cultivation of poppy in Afghanistan surpasses the global demand leading to vast quantity of stocks. â€Å"Over the past decade, Afghanistan has risen to prominence as the primary global source of illicit opium poppy cultivation† (Wyler, 2012). Despite the fact that Afghan heroin is only trafficked to Islamic nations of Iran, Pakistan and central Asia, it eventually finds its ways to the rest of the world. Approximately 150 tons of Afghan heroin was smuggled into Europe, 120 tons to Asia and 45 tons to Africa in 2009. The fight against illicit drug trade has been an ongoing war. In 2009, law enforcement agencies seized about 76 tons of heroin around the world (UNODC, 2011). This report finding exposes vulnerable areas that should be given more attention. For instance, implementing strict border regulations and controls in places such as the Afghanistan-Pakistan border at Baluchistan province would help greatly in intercepting massive trafficking of heroin, opium as well as precursor chemicals. Another way through which the flow of opiates from Afghanistan could be reduced is through increasing monitoring and search capability so that transit containers at harbors, airports and other transit points can be put under intensive check. This is likely to improve the rate of interdiction. According to the UNODC report, building capacity and ensuring efficient information sharing between transit points and law enforcement agencies in major countries and areas of opiates destination would be crucial in rounding up the trade of illicit drugs. The cultivation of poppy in Afghanistan is strongly correlated with insecurity in the country. The report findings point out that Afghan opium poppy is mainly

Financial Accounting Analysis term projuct Paper

Financial Accounting Analysis projuct - Term Paper Example The findings are presented in a tabular format supported by comprehensive discussion of results. The horizontal analysis of Balance Sheet does not show any worrying trends or majorly fluctuating balances from 2011 to 2012. Inventories remain at the same level and while there is 12.84% increase in Property and Equipment it is offset by the 16.78% decrease in the Cash and Cash equivalents. Other large changes include an increase in Goodwill, decrease in Long term loan which is offset by an increase in the current portion of the Long term loan. The horizontal analysis of the balance sheet is set out below: The horizontal analysis of the Income Statement also does not show any worrying trends from 2011 to 2012. The Sales have increased by 1.8% but that is due to a corresponding increase in the Cost of Sales which has increased by 2.14%. The net earnings have increased by 3.3%, this is due to the fact that other income has increased and the financial costs have decreased during the period. The horizontal analysis of the income statement is set out below: The vertical analysis of the income statement for the years 2011 and 2012 set out below shows all balances as a percentage of sales. As illustrated the cost of sales and other expenses have both increased as a percentage of sales, even though minutely. This is worrying because ordinarily the cost of sale should be kept in line with sales. Conversely the net income is 2.09% of sales in 2012 and 2.03% in 2011. There is a slight increase, which all in all is a positive sign for the entity (Rajasekaran, 2011). Looking at the trends in the past five years’ financial statements of the company, it can be seen that the net sales have been increasing steadily for the past four years. The increase in sales for this year has been less than those compared to previous years, 1.6% from over 3%. The cost of

Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Scholarship - Essay Example My mother was a nurse and the sole earning member in our family when one day she finally had an abnormal growth on her spine because of which she was disabled. These hardships have worked towards strengthening my aims in life as I have learned a lot through experiences. My aim in life is to become a civil engineer so I can make a difference in the society. Experiences can either be bad or good and we should learn from these experiences. It is through many experiences that I have undergone in my life, I was able to understand the importance of education in life. My interest in the field of civil engineering developed through these experiences. When I was in my school I learnt about a terrible incident in which many people were killed because of the fault committed by an engineer. On that day I made up my mind that I had to become a civil engineer. Civil engineering has been my goal since I was studying in school and I think that I can bring a difference in this world with the right skills and ability. I believe that I have a talent which I can apply to my field and bring good in the society. It has been my goal to achieve expertise in the field of civil engineering and I have devoted much of my time researching on different topics about civil engineering. I have worked hard in my life to achieve knowledge and I believe that I will work harder in the future to gain relevant knowledge and expertise. I want to pursue a degree in the field of civil engineering and that is why I have chosen the best institute for civil engineering. I see myself in a career of civil engineering in the next ten years through which I can make a difference in the society. I believe that with this career I can also get over my financial disturbances and can have a better future. Gaining knowledge will be my most important aim when studying civil engineering. I always believe that one is never too old for studying and hence I would devote all my life to the field of education. If I

BBC The Next Five Years Essay Example for Free

BBC The Next Five Years Essay Introduction The purpose of this study is to investigate the information strategy of the BBC. Having reviewed the various modes of enquiry, we have decided that the unbounded mode is the most appropriate in this instance. Using this, we have investigated the BBCs’[1] IS strategy, examining the external factors that may have an affect upon its planning and design. In addition we have reviewed other issues pertinent to the BBC to determine the possible negative of these might have on the strategy. Finally we have looked at the next five years to evaluate the relevance that significant advances over that period might have on the BBC IS strategy. Enquiry system   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In compiling this report we need first to decide what method we are going to plan our research upon. There are five basic enquiry modes ranging from the simple to the complex and innovative. Enquiry Modes 1) Inductive-Consensual   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As the words suggest this mode of enquiry relies upon one reaching a single conclusion by using a restricted range of interpretations, for example from previous researches into the subject matter. The result is influenced by the general consent of these opinions. For example if one asked the question â€Å"Is public service broadcasting superior to commercial,† and this was only put to BBC employees, the consensus is likely to answer affirmatively. 2) Analytic-deductive   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This mode approaches the problem or enquiry from a different aspect. In this case the problem is broken down into its component parts. Each one of these parts is then analysed and tested for logic. Once this process is complete a formula is used to build the results from the analysis of those parts into a single solution that addresses the problem. 3) Dialectic   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the more complex of the enquiry modes, the dialectic mode is based upon conflict or different viewpoints. It does not question the data, simply the views that are expressed about it, working on the basis that by discussion of the variance a logical conclusion will be reached. A relevant argument for this mode would be the discussion about whether the BBC should be allowed to sell advertising space in the same way that the commercial media does. 4) Multiple reality   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Multiple reality recognizes that people will approach problems from a predetermined viewpoint, based upon their own experience and training. For example an Accountant will look at the commissioning of a new revolutionary BBC sit-com from a different angle of the program planner. This process therefore relies upon the problem being addressed from a number of viewpoints, which will essentially come up with a range of conclusions. 5) Unbounded systems thinking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This modes works on the basis that, in any given situation, all modes of enquiry are automatically brought to bear, and therefore cannot be separated. Thus, when addressing a problem every viewpoint and conclusion needs to be taken into account. Similarities and differences   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of the modes described above have similarities. All five rely upon the fact that there is a situation to be addressed in the first place. Additionally the point of the exploration, review and analysis of this problem, for all of the modes is to a) gain knowledge and b) reach a conclusion based on that knowledge, or a solution to the hypothesis or problem posed. Modes 1 and 2 above are similar to the extent that they both have a singular approach to the subject matter, relying upon one viewpoint (or consensus) being the input and the result.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With modes 3 and 4 the similarities are that both look for a range of viewpoints from which to approach a subject and neither attempt or profess to reach a singular conclusion, preferring instead to provide multiple conclusions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mode 5, in theory, displays the most similarity to all of the others. This is simply because it works on the premises that, in the real world, none of the enquiry systems and modes described can operate independently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equally there are some major differentials between these systems. The key difference is in their approach to a given situation. Mode one differs from the others in that it relies upon a consensus of opinion from a limited range of sources and seeks a single conclusion. Mode two differs from three to five for the same reason, but it also differs from one in the it analyses the component parts of the problem, rather than relying solely on interpretation. Mode three and four differ from each other in that they treat the conclusion in a different manner, three allowing differing conclusions to be presented, and four, seeking argument between different conclusions. Mode fives similarity is also its difference to the others, namely that it does not limit itself to a particular enquiry mode, instead using all formats. Strengths and weaknesses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inherent in all enquiry modes are strengths and weaknesses, which need to be recognised. Inductive-Consensual. The strengths of this mode rest in the fact that it is focused in one direction, making it simple to use and relatively quick to apply to a given problem. Its weaknesses lie in the limitation of approach and its reliance upon consensus of opinion. There is no attempt to check the validity of core data. Using the BBC example used in the mode description, there is no guarantee that the consensus of agreement is based on a genuine or, because they are employees of the BBC, biased and inaccurate opinion. Analytic-deductive. In this instance the strength comes from the fact that the component parts have been analysed before arriving at a conclusion. It bases that conclusion on logic. Its weakness comes from the fact that, like mode 1, it relies heavily upon a single source of operator to address the problem or situation. Both modes 1 and two have a strength that is also a weakness. This relates to the fact that both seek to arrive at a single conclusion. This is strength when given a task that asks for a definitive solution and the receiver does not want to input into this, but a weakness when asked for an opinion or range of solution.   Dialectic. The major strength in this mode is that it does allow for differing viewpoints to address a situation, thus relating itself more closely with a real world scenario. Similarly, the fact that it does result in a range of conclusions, and allow these to compete against each other to reach a conclusion is good when seeking a final unified approach. It means that all the options have an opportunity to be considered and discussed. The argumentative aspect can be strength insofar as such an approach can often lead to a tempering of divergent views. Weakness may Multiple reality. Like Dialectic, the multiple approaches have the strength of numerous viewpoints. In this case though, it presents all of the options. This allows the receiver to consider the options from their own particular viewpoint, before they make the final decision. Unbounded systems. The strength of this system is in its unlimited approach to a subject. Using this method ensures that it covers all possible aspects, resulting in a wide range of probable solutions. Its weakness rests in the fact that it is cumbersome and, if used as a tool for a conclusive result, could not facilitate this. In addition it would be a time consuming project. For the purpose of this study we will be using the multiple reality mode. Information Systems strategy – External environment Socio-political   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The BBC is a public service broadcasting organisation. Because of this there are more socio-political factors that impact upon the corporation and its operations than with most other businesses.   From a social point of view one has to look at both society as a whole as well as individual groups. Such groups can consist of ethnic, class and disabled minorities. All of these groups expect to receive equality of service from the corporation. This means that the corporation needs to ensure that it represents each group within all of its programme output. For example, it needs to ensure that within the public face of its broadcasting such minorities are adequately represented, be that in a factual or fictional environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the political front the BBC also has to deal with a number of factions. In line with other businesses it has to pay heed to governments and judicial legislation, although the difference that exists with the BBC is that has a closer link in that it is a public corporation. Similarly, like other media, regulatory bodies overview its product and output. However, in addition to these, the BBC has two additional political factors to deal with. These are the Royal Charter, which has recently been reviewed (2006) and the BBC Trust.    Technological   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trust is one of the key issues, which dictates the rate at which new technology is taken up. Often the speed at which technology develops is the one thing that makes trust difficult to achieve. No sooner has a user familiarised themselves with one system than this is rendered obsolete by a new one. Davis (2002) in his paper written for the Joint Information Services Committee posed the question that many users were asking. â€Å"How sure can one be that the outcome of an interaction is what it purports to be?† As it operates within the business medium, the BBC has greater access to technology than other organisations. It is an integral part of their broadcasting environment. This includes such areas as Broadband, digital and interactive technology. Internally it uses similar modern technology to other media businesses, in terms of computers, network systems in addition to the TV and radio broadcasting technology. The latter includes such things as cameras, film equipment and outside broadcast vehicles. However, as Paul Cheesbrough, BBC head of technology for production and technology direction, admitted in his interview with Miya Knights (2004), their internal systems do need updating in a number of areas, where he says, â€Å"Internally, our processes for producing and authoring content have been the same for many years and are still very physical. Its a very distributed set-up with lots of physically-based processes in between.† The internal technology of an organisation is important (Glasson 1996) Economic – Geographical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The BBC, unlike the commercial broadcasting media, does not receive money from other businesses in terms of advertising revenue, nor much in the way of sponsorship. It is funded in the main by a system of revenue from the television and radio licence, together with the annual financial support that it receives from the British government. Despite the wish, within some factions of the corporation to change this situation, so far this has been rejected. The only other of funding available to the BBC is the commercial sales it makes of its programmes to other broadcasting media throughout the world, including joint ventures, and sales of its products through other medium, such as books and publications, CDs and DVDs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From a geographical point of view, the BBC is predominately a British based broadcaster, although it does have a world service for radio, originally set up with the intention of providing a link for armed forces overseas. Historically it has concentrated upon this limited geographical area through which to develop and market its products. However, it does produce programmes relating to and based upon many areas of the world. Nowadays it is also making use of the Internet through which to extend its audience. To add to its home-based productions, the BBC also buys programmes from other media throughout the world. Impact on IS strategy planning and design â€Å"The social, legal, political, ethical, and ecological issues facing business have never been more complex or more difficult to comprehend,† wrote Stephen Wartick (1997). This statement is particularly applicable to the BBC.   The factors mentioned previously form an intrinsic element of its Information Services at the planning and design stage. From a social point of view the BBC is required to cater for all sectors of society. The means that part of its strategy has to be geared towards minority groups. In addition it has historically been seen as a provider of learning, necessitating part of its information system strategy to be used in that direction. Political issues also impact upon its planning and design because, as a result of the need to divert resources to other areas set within its charter, this means that there are fewer resources available to pursue avenues that it might otherwise wish to develop. There have been instances in the past where the political forces have tried to introduce a modicum of pressure onto the corporation and, knowing this is a possibility, must impact on the corporation strategy. The area where the BBC does appear to both holding its own, and in some respects, making significant advances, is in technology. Whilst internally there are areas that need addressing, from an external and production standpoint the organisation is keeping up to date. Here it has encompassed the changes that have occurred since the Information era began in the 1970’s, using modern technology to maintain its reputation as possibly the best broadcaster in the industry. The planning and designing stages are very important. As Paul Cheeseburgh (2004) observed â€Å"The term digital islands means a lot in our industry, but theres no point in moving from analogue to digital processes if those islands are disconnected.† Nevetherless they have made some of their processes more cost competitive as a result of technology, with the use of digital technology being an example of this. Economics probably has the greatest impact on the businesses IS strategies and their planning. Because its funding is subjected to restrictions than other broadcasters, this means that some of the innovative ideas that the BBC might wish to develop may not be possible due to financial restrictions. Similarly, it has a finite budget from which to take advantage of technology advances in the way that it would like to. Geographical issues have an impact on the IS strategy. Being a media corporation means that they have to plan for communication access sometimes to even the remotest parts of the world, and have a variety of climates to contend with. In the equatorial countries for instance, the corporation has had to make use of refrigerated broadcast vehicles. Impacts on IS strategy Risk Categorization Scales   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As has been widely publicised, Information systems and Technology attract risks and these manifest themselves in a number of ways. In all areas of life and business, there is the risk of sabotage (Stewart 2000) Technology for instance, suffers from hacking, virus and other dangers instigated from outside sources. Then there are the mechanical and accidental risks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Knowing that these events are likely to happen even in the best protected of systems, it is vitally important that this eventuality is recognised and addressed at an early stage. Kim Andersen (2005) in his book on the subject, shows â€Å"how getting things right† helps the information system. This is particularly relevant in a broadcasting organisation such as the BBC. At all stages of the development of an IS and IT strategy plan a consequence analysis should be carried out, this is relevant at each subsequent change as well. Within this process one needs to identify where the possibility of risks lies, what type of risks could attach themselves to the area in question and what the effect of those risks might be. Figure 1 (see appendices) gives an example of a consequence matrix. Effect/probability/Action Grid   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having analysed the areas of risks and the types of risks that could occur, one then has to categorise and evaluate the risk. This means that one needs to first work out what the effects of that risk will be. Will it be in favour of the organisations and its IS and IT, or will it be fatal. Or will it be somewhere between the two. The next step it to ascertain the probability factor. What is the likelihood of the risk occurring, negligible or certainly? Armed with this information one can then work out what action to take in terms of prevention, assuming that the risk is not to the businesses advantage. Figure 2 (see appendices) shows a simple grid detail the possible results of this analysis. Confidentiality, Integrity and Availability (CIA)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Following on from the previous analysis, the organisation needs to work out what impact this potential risk will have on the business. This can be categorised in three ways. Firstly there is confidentiality and privacy. The BBC IS and IT systems contain a lot of sensitive data, both from an internal and external point of view, such as staff and financial details. It could be embarrassing and costly if this information were to be obtained illegally, in addition to the fact that it could see the organization facing legal action for breach of confidentiality. This area will impact on the information system, (Mwangama 2006)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second impact of risk could be to the integrity of accuracy of the data. If information is tampered with or altered in any way this would have serious consequences for the business.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third area of impact is when the data or system is corrupted of deleted. In this case the system or database would be unable to operate and, in an extreme case the contents and data non-recoverable. Potential Negative Impacts 1) Technical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From a technical viewpoint the negative impact of the consequences of risk will attach to the strategy planning and design. For example the BBC would need to ensure that, by the introduction of new and more versatile systems and upgrades, this does not increase the risks. If this appears likely then the direction of the strategy will need to be reappraised. Similarly, if by installing new software the system becomes less secure in terms of the data access, the necessity and cost benefit of new software should be evaluated. This may result in technology and information system upgrades being delayed until such time as the security of the hardware can be guaranteed to be as risk proof as possible. 2) Non-Technical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The organisation also needs to look at the negative issues that the consequence of risk may raise in relation to human and business processing issues. Employees and others involved with the Corporation have a right to expect personal information to be maintained in a confidential and secure manner. The shoulders of the organisation that has the information, to keep it secure. In addition to this is the damage of such a risk to the business processes. It is not only losing of the programmes, which would prove costly enough, it is also the potential of lost data, which in some areas could be irreplaceable. Ethical Issues   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Added to all of the above are the ethical issues surrounding risk. The BBC, like all organisations that keep sensitive and personal data, is subject to both the data protection ACT and their own professional code of conduct and ethics. These include a duty to not harm those for whom you are responsible for and to respect their right to privacy, which includes ensuring that any personal information that they give to you are kept safe. Thus it cannot be passed to a third party, either by the organisation itself or by the intervention of an outside party. Even if that third party is committing an illegal act it does not absolve the corporation from liability. In the modern legal environment, if such an event occurs, the possibility of legal action being taken the organisation is very likely. The code of conduct for the BBC also states that it sees part of its duty being to respect and honour human rights. This extends to ensuring that the technology that is installed within its systems offers the same rights.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition to the rights of the individual whose rights have been violated there is the impact that such a breech will have on the corporations’ own reputation. According to a newspaper report written by Owen Gibson (2005) the BBC recently revised their code of ethics to take account of some of these issues. The Next Five Years   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Strategic planning for the future of information systems is important. (Ward Peppard 2002) A business needs a â€Å"clear vision of where it is trying to go.† (Andersen 2004) and to produce the correct strategy the BBC needs to know what events will impact on the strategy. External changes In terms of the future, the next five years are likely to produce changes of significance in terms of IS and IT in a number of areas, in hard and software (Mark Haggerty 2006).   The advances in wireless technology are one area where these advances are proving to be particularly rapid. This development will allow both television and computers to become really possible, with consumers able to carry the receivers in pockets. They will then be in a position of being able to view at any time and in any place. Wireless technology development will also have an impact on broadcasting in that it will allow ease of access for people involved in news reporting, such as with the BBC. Using these systems, particularly in their news department, the corporation will be able to achieve instant news reporting from almost anywhere in the world. In addition the reports will be able to be accessed and reported on air in real time, in other words as it happens. Continued development in satellite technology will also improve the ability of the BBC to achieve its strategy of moving closer towards a more â€Å"on-demand† consumer environment. Video conferencing is set to be one of the main growth areas in technology over the next five years. (Laura Hailstone 2006). This technology is already being used and implemented by a growing number of businesses. In addition to the business use, this technology is set to move into the private sector, allow for projects such as games shows to be conducted with participants not having to move from their home. With increasing computer technology being incorporated within television sets, the opportunities are available for television presenters to be able to interact directly with the consumer. There will be continued developments in the field of interactive media. The continuing improvements in this area will eliminate the need for there to be two or three machines in a household in order to give the consumer flexibility and choice. Within the next five years the facility of recording direct from the TV should improve substantially, allowing additional onset recording facilities, improving upon what systems such as sky offer already. Interaction will also affect the BBC’s learning facilities leading to closer interaction between teacher and learner, (G. Conole et al 2000). B. Davies (2002) also showed how modern and future information system developments are impacting on users in the education arena. An area of significant relevance to the BBC is the continued development of compact storage systems, such as the MP3. From an internal point of view this will mean less space utilised for storage of produced material, therefore reducing the corporations costs in the area of storage. With the increase in globalisation, business systems will also witness significant innovation over the next five years. Such programmes as the multi-national, multi-lingual supply chain software could be implemented within the BBC, providing it with more accuracy and accessibility in terms of its global operations, allow it to work more closely with the stakeholders who supply the corporation and ensure that the quality of the product is maintained. Internal changes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The BBC will see changes in a number of areas of IS and IT. It is expected that within the next five years media broadcasters will need to keep updating their technology and systems to meet the increasing demands from the public in the way in which programmes are presented. Digital development is something that the BBC sees as having a significant effect over their programming abilities over the next five years. From the point of view of the production side of their programmes, a test run on one programme has shown that it produces a significant cost reduction. More developments of this nature are planned. Development of the digital technology for the end user is also seen as a means of being able to extend the ability of the viewer to have more control over the way in which they organise their personal viewing or listening schedules. The corporation is planning to use this to restructure the way in which it produces programmes and extend the range of interaction with the consumer. Further developments on the World Wide Web are also being looked at. This will provide the BBC with the ability to make its services available in a number of new ways, including providing a service where programs can be downloaded and watched for a limited period, thereby avoiding the possibility of this being stored and affecting others possible sales of the programmes. As part of this development they are working with all of the major software organisations in the development of products, which will open new opportunities in terms of programming. The BBC sees, what its Director-General Mark Thompson (2005) â€Å"On Demand† television as the way forward in technology. In addition to this the BBC are also developing ways in which their programmes can be transmitted for screening on a range of portable devices. From an in house perspective the BBC sees that IT developments over the next five years will enable it to integrate all of its in house operations, linking together internal systems that previously have been disconnected. Internally there will also be changes in terms of office systems and other related technology usages. Microsoft’s chief technology officer, in his interview with Chris Nuttall (1999) stated that â€Å"every five years there is a revolution in the computer industry.† Therefore it is necessary that organisations like the BBC have a strategy prepared for it. Evidence Research shows that all of the changes outlined are evidenced. Tafazolli, Rahim (2006) comments â€Å"that the days of the totally wireless technology are close and that soon consumers will be able to access the media wherever they are.† Future Tech (2006), have noted that one organisation is already well advanced on a system of voice recognition for the purpose of media viewing, amongst other applications. The article also reveals that MIT are developing the computer glasses, which will make operation of computers and televisions much less tiresome, allowing the consumer to operate TV and Computer without using hands. The article also reveals that hardware companies are working to make the computer less visible. This means that, instead of the current box on the desk, they may be incorporated in the TV or portable devices, which can be, located and operated from anywhere. The BBC launched â€Å"Creative Future Project†. Part of the remit for this project is to continue to monitor the advances in new technology with a view to using the technology as part of its development strategy for the future. The project, and the BBC’s IT department are working with a number of the largest software houses, such as Microsoft and Apple, to development programmes and systems which can assist in the development of broadcasting. Energy consideration is already an area that the BBC is aware of. In the future the role of Information systems and technology will take on more significance in terms of its contribution to energy conservation, (J R. Franchi 2004) Bibliography Andersen, Kim Viborg. (2004) The Past and Future of Information Systems. Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd Carpenter, Leona, Shaw, Simon and Prescott, Andrew (eds) (1988) Towards the Digital Library, The British Library, London Conole, G., Jacobs, G., Squires, D (ed) (2000), The Changing Face of Learning Technology. Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1-3. Davies, B. (2002), How new technologies are impacting on users, Joint Information Systems Committee.   Retrieved 17 July 2006 from: http://www.jisc.ac.uk/index.cfm?name=pub_inform2 Franchi, John. R. Franchi (2004) Energy, Technology and Directions for the Future. Elsevier Academic Press. Future Tech. (2006) Future Computing. Retrieved 12 July 2006 from http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~jwb24/newtech/integrate.html Gibson, Owen. (2005) New Ethics Code for BBC. The Guardian Glasson, Bernard, C, Vogel, Doug, Bots, Pieter and Nunamaker, Jay (1996) Information Systems and Technology in the International Office of the Future. Chapman Hall. UK Haggerty, Mark. (2005) GMS Software development. The next five years. Clientside News Hallstone, Laura (2006). VC market set to grow over the next five years. Retrived 16 July 2006 from www.vcunet.com Knights, Miya (2004) Interview with Paul Cheeseburgh: BBC sees new technology horizons. Retrieved 18 July 2006 from http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/analysis/2132111/bbc-sees-technology-horizon Mwangama, Ena. (2006) Information in the Next Five Years. Retrieved 18 July 2006 from http://www.comptechlib.com/326.html Nuttall, Chris. (1999). Windows to lose its crown within five years. Retrieved 10 July 2006 from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/253592.stm/ Press Release (2006) Response to the white paper. Retrieved 16 July 2006 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2006/03_march/14/white.shtml Review of the BBC’s Royal Charter. (July 2006). Retrieved 17 July 2006 from http://www.bbccharterreview.org.uk/pdf_documents/BBCRoyal%20Charter_july06.pdf Stewart, R.A. (2000). Dam Risk Management (Invited Paper). Proceedings of the International Conference on Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (GeoEng2000). Melbourne, pp. 721-748. Tafazolli, Rahim (2006) Technologies for the Wireless Future. Wireless World Research Forum. UK Thompson, Mark (Director General) (2005) Creative Future Project. Retrieved 16 July 2006 from http://www.bbc.co.uk/thefuture/text/creative_future.html Ward, John and Peppard, Joe. (2002) Strategic Planning for Information Systems. John Wiley Sons Wartick, Stephen L. (1997) International Business and Society. Blackwell Publishers [1] British Broadcasting Corporation

Monetary Policies in India

Monetary Policies in India Rationale The exit of monetary policy improves the economic performance. According to Damji (2012), India implements monetary policy in order to ensure the price stability in the country and to maintains sufficient flow of credit to the productive sectors of the economy. Other than that, the monetary policy can promote economic growth and balance of payment equilibrium. In addition, India uses monetary policy because of the reason to insure the unemployment in the economy is low and the income distribution among the employees is equal. The formulating and implementing of monetary policy is responsible by Reserve Bank India. By implementing monetary policy, the Reserve Bank of India can increase and decrease the supply of currency, the rise and fall of interest rate, carry out open market operations for purchase and sell of bonds, control credit and change the reserve requirements. Reserve bank of India implements both the expansionary monetary policy and contractionary policy throughout the la st decade. Among the objectives, the two main concern a country’s implements monetary policy is to promote a rapid economic growth and maintain price stability. But, that is a tradeoff between the 2 broad objectives which are price stability and economic growth. If a country’s implements monetary tightened, in consequence will caused the growth oppressed at the beginning.(Michaer 2010)However , the current framework of monetary policy can be indicate as augmented multiple indicators approach because the models feed into the growth and inflation projection. The monetary policy tools in India mainly involved the open market operation, statutory liquidity ratio (SLR) and cash reserve ratio (CRR). By implements expansionary monetary policy, India can sustain economic growth. Increase in money supply will shift the money supply curve to the right lead to a lower interest rate, a lower interest rate will result in lower cost of borrowing in which increase the consumption and investment in the economic. The increase in consumption and investment will cause the aggregate demand curve shift rightward, in the end the price level and aggregate output increased. The increased in investment speed up the output; thus, decreased the unemployment rate in India. Other than that, the reason India implements and adopts monetary policy is to insure that there would be enough credit supply to different sectors of economy. However the rising volume of credit may cause the level of inflation increasing. As a result, India thinks that the expansion of the credit might be liable in this case. But the main factor causing the high inflation is due to the supply bottlenecks. In turns, the credit expansion is useful as it can help the small scale industries and agricultures sector to help their credit situation by making an arrangement of credit supply. Besides that, since 1997, India has a view to renaissance the investment in the country. (Palle Andersen and Ramon Moreno 2005 page164) Therefore, monetary policy in India has emphasize that there would be sufficient liquidity with low and flexible interest rate. The step is easy by cutting down the Bank rate, LAF rates and the CRR .However; they must make sure the stability of macroeconomic and financial system. By improving the operational efficacy of monetary policy, reserve bank of india can develop into a technological and institutional infrastructure. In year 2012-2013, India faces considerable stress in liquidity condition due to the large amount of government cash balances maintained with the reserve bank, increase in the demand for currency, intervention in the foreign exchange market and the discrepancy between the credit off-take and deposit mobilization. Reserve bank of India cuts SLR(Statutory liquidity ratio) by 100bps in order to improve the credit and liquidity condit ions in August 2012.Between,the CRR reduce by 75 bps in September 2012.In june 2014,reserve bank India also reduce the SLR by 50bps in order to let out Rs 39000 crore of liquidity for banks.(Shetty,2014) ,The improvement in the liquidity condition in India is by the outright of open market operations. As refer to Reserve Bank India, during year 2012-2013,1.5 trillion of bonds and shares was carried out. Besides that, monetary increased the employment in a country and reduce the inequality in income and wealth. People argue that the equal in income distribution is the role of fiscal policy but economist believes that monetary policy can serve as a supplementary role to maintaining this equality. By expansionary monetary policy, which increase the credit supply could help in creating more jobs. The reserve bank of India can demand the commercial banks with the goal to enhance credit flow to employment intensive sectors such as agriculture, micro and small enterprises, as well as for affordable housing and education loans by instruct the percentage of its loans portfolios to priority areas without restriction. (Bhattacharyya, 2012) page 8.In India, the social class are normally classify into two classes, rich and poor . Rich class is said to take and advantage of the poor class. So, it’s important for India to implements the monetary policy to reduce such inequalities. The major concern of India is the inflation is rising, mainly of food items. As a result to ensure a financial stability is the most important consideration in the implements and adoptions of monetary policy. Price continuously rising during year 2005-2006 , the annual average rate of inflation stood at 4.4 per cent, increased to 5.5 per cent during year 2006-2007.In year 2008, the financial crisis ,the inflation rate went up to 12.6 per cent, which is very high due to the overheating of the economy.(Damji,2012) During the financial crisis, Reserve bank of India implements contractiondary monetary policy in order to maintain the price stability and to stabilize the inflation .By decreased the money supply, the interest rate moved up lead to the higher cost of borrowing would caused the consumption and investment to drop. As consumption and investment is the components of aggregate expenditure therefore will caused the aggregate demand curve to decrease, result in a decrease in the pr ice level and lower down the inflation rate. However, Reserve Bank of India will prevent the price rise by implements monetary policy only when the price in the economy is out of control. (Damji,2012) To maintain price stability meant that to ensure that there are not too high inflation or deflation which caused by the drop in output of inefficient of the allocation of resources. It is a low or stable inflation. (Mohanty 2010) The objective of monetary policy in India is to increase the rate of capital formation which speeds up the rate of economic growth. In order to increase the rate of capital formation, the Reserve Bank of India implements contractionary policy to encourage saving ,By implements contractionary monetary policy will lead to a rise in interest rate .The cost of borrowing is high, thus the demand of money would drop, Therefore by this policy the Reserve bank of India not only encourage people in saving as well as reduce the spending in the market which might lead to increase in price level in the economic. With the aim to maintaining a stability of the national currency, Reserve bank of India implements contractionary monetary policy to tighten liquidity in order to support rupee which had depreciate. (PTI, 2013)In year 2013, Reserve bank of India decreased the LAF(liquidity adjustment facility) from 1 percent of the total deposits to 0.5 percent each bank. As a result, the borrowed funds from the reserve bank of India being restricted. Besides decrease the LAF, another method is the reserve bank of India has required the banks to have a high average CRR (cash reserve ratio) of 99 % which beyond the earlier of 70%. In addition, this would lead to a raised of short term interest rates and the bank are now announced to sell government securities in order to raised core from open market operations. *Monetary policy in India endeavours to maintain a judicious balance between price stability, economic growth and financial stability.

Horrifying Reality :: essays research papers

Violence and death are all around us in our society today. Whether it is seen on the television in the news, in a film, or read about in the newspaper, the descriptiveness of these incidents is absolutely horrifying. The punishment of such crimes that we read about today are simply minute compared to the events that occurred during the fifteenth century. In the poem â€Å"La Ballade des pendus† written by Franà §ois Villon, the gruesome description of the images are far from ordinary, but serves it’s purpose brilliantly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his poem Villon writes of men who were hung, still hanging out in a courtyard and describes what happens to their bodies once they are dead. His word choice in this poem makes the reality of what occurred back then that much more ghastly and repugnant. The punishments given today are much less severe and when they are written about in a newspaper, the incident is not described quite in the way that Franà §ois Villon chose to write in his poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that if Villon had used a different method of describing the events such as being metaphorical instead of straight-forward, the poem would not have the same effect on its audience. Although when I first read this poem I did not like it because I thought it was absolutely disgusting, after reading it several times I realized that with out the disgusting details the poem would not be the same. The words that he uses simply speak out in a way that makes the reader either love it or despise it, I feel that is what makes this poem so interesting. I believe that Franà §ois Villon did an excellent job writing this poem and if today’s stories were just as graphic or possibly a little bit less than that of Villon, it would be a lot more interesting to read. Horrifying Reality :: essays research papers Violence and death are all around us in our society today. Whether it is seen on the television in the news, in a film, or read about in the newspaper, the descriptiveness of these incidents is absolutely horrifying. The punishment of such crimes that we read about today are simply minute compared to the events that occurred during the fifteenth century. In the poem â€Å"La Ballade des pendus† written by Franà §ois Villon, the gruesome description of the images are far from ordinary, but serves it’s purpose brilliantly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In his poem Villon writes of men who were hung, still hanging out in a courtyard and describes what happens to their bodies once they are dead. His word choice in this poem makes the reality of what occurred back then that much more ghastly and repugnant. The punishments given today are much less severe and when they are written about in a newspaper, the incident is not described quite in the way that Franà §ois Villon chose to write in his poem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I feel that if Villon had used a different method of describing the events such as being metaphorical instead of straight-forward, the poem would not have the same effect on its audience. Although when I first read this poem I did not like it because I thought it was absolutely disgusting, after reading it several times I realized that with out the disgusting details the poem would not be the same. The words that he uses simply speak out in a way that makes the reader either love it or despise it, I feel that is what makes this poem so interesting. I believe that Franà §ois Villon did an excellent job writing this poem and if today’s stories were just as graphic or possibly a little bit less than that of Villon, it would be a lot more interesting to read.

English Term paper -- essays research papers

1984 is a novel of great influence. The novel illustrates many concepts of life in the future through the knowledge of the past. The descriptive theories within the novel are familiar in basic context when we look into the society of today. The author George Orwell has projected an image of the future through the knowledge of his lifetime, which is not far off reality. The novel talks about the social movement to a world of unbearable proportions, which takes the idea of security to the limit. A feeling of helplessness is bestowed upon the people as the government scrutinizes their every move. The government has created a society of fear, and people automatically fall into line for they cannot escape the eyes of Big Brother who is watching them. Many of the major concepts outlined in detail in the novel are applicable to life in the twenty-first century. The author has defined concepts for several areas, which he perceived the world would progress towards. Orwell’s prophecies as illustrated in the novel 1984 are fulfilled in today’s society. One of the major prophecies that Orwell outlines in his novel is the idea of the telescreen which can watch anyone at any time this is a reality in today’s society. One of the major connections that Orwell makes about the telescreen of 1984 and today’s society is that you could spy on people. The telescreen might be the most closely compared to microphones and cameras, but there are also many other devices that can be easily used for spying. Within the area of the telescreen anyone could be watched as well as heard, which closely links to the surveillance of today, except people are a little more naive. â€Å"Any sound that Winston made, above the level of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it; moreover, so as long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment.†(Orwell, 6) The notion that â€Å"Big broth er is watching you† from the novel is not that far off. In fact cameras are being installed all over the place for security reasons, but you do not know who is watching you and what kind of personal information you are giving away. â€Å"No matter how far our contemporary world may seem to 1984’s Oceania, any suggestion of government surveillance of its citizens--from the thre... ...clearly outlines several theories of his within the novel, which have come true in modern day. George Orwell’s first prophecy is about a piece of technology, which we can quite easily relate to modern day because it is quite like a television or a communication device such as a camera or microphone. This was important since it was one of the main ideas of his novel, relating to spying, and it has become quite prominent within our society as well as in the novel. Next the author outlines the type of government, which is quite overpowering, which again in co-ordinance with the telescreen presents one of the main ideas in the plot of the novel and is quite emphasized. The type of governance described is in effect in some countries around the world today. Finally the author has described in detail the use of a new language that has become useful for brainwashing, and government propaganda. This language can be related to today as we have created a new language of our own for s pecial purposes and there are places that deal with a double languages, just as in the novel. The concepts that this novel introduces are so realistic that it has influenced many around the world for many years.

Surface Pressure Measurements on an Aerofoil

DEN 302 Applied Aerodynamics SURFACE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS ON AN AEROFOIL IN TRANSONIC FLOW Abstract The objective of this exercise is to measure the pressure distribution across the surface on an aerofoil in a wind tunnel. The aerofoil is tested under several different Mach numbers from subsonic to supercritical. The purpose of measuring the pressure distributions is to assess the validity of the Prandtl-Glauert law and to discuss the changing chracteristics of the flow as the Mach number increases from subsonic to transonic.As a result of the experiment and computation of data, the aerofoil was found to have a critical Mach number of M=0. 732. Below this freestream Mach number the Prandtl-Glauert law predicted results very successfully. However, above this value, the law completely breaks down. This was found to be the result of local regions of supersonic flow and local shockwaves. Contents Abstract2 Apparatus2 1. Induction Wind Tunnel with Transonic Test Section2 2. Aerofoil mode l3 3. Mercury manometer3 Procedure3 Theory3 Results4 Discussion8 Transonic Flow8 Analysis9 Conclusion11 Bibliography11Apparatus 1. Induction Wind Tunnel with Transonic Test Section The tunnel used in this experiment has a transonic test section with liners, which, after the contraction, remain nominally parallel bar a slight divergence to accommodate for boundary layer growth on the walls of the test section. The liners on the top and bottom are ventilated with longitudinal slots backed by plenum chambers to reduce interference and blockage as the Mach number increase to transonic speeds. The working section dimensions are 89mm(width)*178mm(height). The stagnation pressure , p0? is close to the atmospheric pressure of the lab and with only a small error ,is taken to be equal to the settling chamber pressure. The reference staticpressure, p? , is measured via a pressure tapping in the floor of the working section, well upstream of the model so as to reduce the disturbance due to the model. The ‘freestream’ Mach number, M? , can be calculated by the ratio of static to stagnation pressure. The tunnel airspeed is controlled by varying the pressure of the injected air, with the highest Mach number that can be achieved by the tunnel being 0. 88. 2. Aerofoil modelThe model used is untapered and unswept, having the NACA 0012 symmetric section. The model chord length, c, is 90mm and the model has a maximum chord/thickness ratio of 12%. Non-dimensionalised co-ordinates of the aerofoil model are given in table 1 below. Pressure tappings, 1-8 , are placed along the upper surface of the model at the positions detailed in table 1. An additional tapping, 3a, is placed on the lower surface of the aerofoil at the same chordwise position as tapping 3. The reason for including the tapping on the lower surface is so that the model can be set at zero incidence by equalizing the pressures at 3 and 3a 3.Mercury manometer A multitube mercury manometer is used to record t he measurements from the tappings on the surface of the model. The manometer has a ‘locking’ mechanism which allows the mercury levels to be ‘frozen’ so that readings can be taken after the flow has stopped. This is useful as the wind tunnel is noisy. The slope of the manometer is 45 degrees. Procedure The atmospheric pressure is first recorded, pat, in inches of mercury. For a range of injected pressures, Pj, from 20 to 120Psi, the manometer readings are recorded for stagnation pressure (I0? , reference static pressure (I? ), and surface pressure form tappings on the model (In, for n=1-8 and 3a). Theory These equations are used in order to interpret and discuss the raw results achieved from the experiment. To convert a reading, I, from the mercury manometer into an absolute pressure, p, the following is used: p=pat ±l-latsin? (1) For isentropic flow of a perfect gas with ? =1. 4, the freestream Mach number,M? , is related to the ratio between the static and stagnation pressures by the equation: M? =2? -1p? p0? -? -1? -1. 0(2) Pressure coefficient, Cp , is given by:Cp=p-p? 12 U? 2(3) For compressible flow this can be rewritten as: Cp=2? M? 2pp? -1(4) The Prandtl-Glauert law states that the pressure coefficient, CPe, at a point on an aerofoil in compressible, sub-critical flow is related to the pressure coefficient, CPi, at the same point in in incompressible flow by the equation: CPe=CPi1-M? 2(5) Due to its basis in on thin aerofoil theory, this equation does not provide an exact solution. However it is deemed reasonably accurate for cases such as this in which thin aerofoils are tested at small incidence.The law does not hold in super-critical flow when local regions of supersonic flow and shockwaves appear. The value of the critical pressure coefficient, Cp*, according to local sonic conditions is calculated by: Cp*=10. 7M? 25+M? 263. 5-1for? =7/5(6) The co-ordinates for the NACA 0012 section are as follows: Figure 1-Co-ordinates for aerofoil (Motallebi, 2012) Results Given atmospheric conditions of: Patm=30. 65 in-Hg Tatm=21 °C The following results were achieved: Figure 2-Pressure coefficient vs x/c for M=0. 83566 Figure 3-Pressure coefficient vs x/c for M=0. 3119 Figure 4-Pressure coefficient vs x/c for M=0. 79367 Figure 5-Pressure coefficient vs x/c for M=0. 71798 Figure 6-Pressure coefficient vs x/c for M=0. 59547 Figure 7-Pressure coefficient vs x/c for M=0. 44456 Figure 8-Cp* and Cpminvs Mach Number From figure 7 the critical Mach number is able to be determined. The critical Mach number (the maximum velocity than can be achieved before local shock conditions arise) occurs at the point where the curves for Cp* and Cpmin cross. From figure 7 we can see that this value is, M? =0. 732. Discussion Transonic FlowTransonic flow occurs when ‘there is mixed sub and supersonic local flow in the same flow field. ’ (Mason, 2006) This generally occurs when free-stream Mach number is in the range of M=0. 7-1. 2. The local region of supersonic flow is generally ‘terminated’ by a normal shockwave resulting in the flow slowing down to subsonic speeds. Figure 8 below shows the typical progression of shockwaves as Mach number increases. At some critical Mach number (0. 72 in the case of Figure 8), the flow becomes sonic at a single point on the upper surface of the aerofoil.This point is where the flow reaches its highest local velocity. As seen in the figure, increasing the Mach number further, results in the development of an area of supersonic flow. Increasing the Mach number further again then moves the shockwave toward the trailing edge of the aerofoil and a normal shockwave will develop on the lower surface of the aerofoil. As seen in figure 8, approaching very close to Mach 1, the shockwaves move to the trailing edge of the aerofoil. For M>1, the flow behaves as expected for supersonic flow with a shockwave forming at the leading edge of the aerofoil.Figure 9-Pr ogression of shockwaves with increasing Mach number (H. H. Hurt, 1965) In normal subsonic flow, the drag is composed of 3 components-skin friction drag, pressure drag and induced drag. The drag in transonic is markedly increased due to changes to the pressure distribution. This increased drag encountered at transonic Mach numbers is known as wave drag. The wave drag is attributed to the formation of local shockwaves and the general instability of the flow. This drag increases at what is known as the drag divergence number (Mason, 2006).Once the transonic range is passed and true supersonic flow is achieved the drag decreases. Analysis From figure 7, the conclusion was reached that the critical Mach number was 0. 732. This means ultimately that in the experiment local shockwaves should be experienced somewhere along the aerofoil for Mach numbers M=0. 83566, 0. 83119 and 0. 79367. According to transonic theory, these shockwaves should be moving further along the length of the aerofoil as the freestream Mach number increases. To determine the approximate position of the shockwaves it is useful to look again at equation (4).Cp=2? M? 2pp? -1 Assuming constant p? , as static pressure in the test section is assumed to be constant and constant free stream Mach number as well, equation (4) may be written as: Cp=const. pconst. -1 Normal shockwaves usually present themselves as discontinuous data, particularly in stagnation pressure where there is a large drop. To detect the rough position of the shockwave on the aerofoil surface it is useful to look at the detected pressure by the different tappings and scrutinize the –Cpvs x/c graph to see where the drop in pressure occurs.Investigating the graphs for the supercritical Mach numbers yields these approximate positions: M| x/c, %| 0. 835661| 40-60| 0. 831199| 35-55| 0. 793676| 25-45| Figure 10- Table showing approximate position of shockwave According to the theory described earlier, these results are correct as it demonstrates the shockwave moving further along the aerofoil as the Mach number increases. As seen in figure 8, given a sufficiently high Mach number, a shock may also occur on the lower surface of the wing. This can be seen for M=0. 835661, in figure 1, where there is a marked difference in pressure between tappings 3 and 3a.The theoretical curves on each –Cpvs x/c graph were designed using the Prandtl-Glauert law. As mentioned earlier, this law is based on thin aerofoil theory, meaning it is not exact and there are sometimes large errors between the proposed theoretical values and the experimental values achieved. These large errors are seen most clearly in the higher Mach numbers. This is because in the transonic range, where there is a mixture of sub and supersonic flow, local shockwaves occur and the theoretical curves do not take shockwaves into account.Hence, the theory breaks down when the freestream Mach number exceeds the critical Mach number for the aerofoil. At l ower Mach numbers, the theoretical values line up reasonably well with those achieved through experiment. There only seems to be some error between the two, mainly arising in the 15-25% range. However, overall the Prandtl-Glauert law seems to be reasonably accurate as long as the Mach number remains sub-critical. The experiment itself was successful. The rough position of the shockwave and the critical Mach number were able to be identified.There are however some sources of inaccuracy or error that can be addressed of the experiment is to be repeated for ‘bettter’ results. Aside from the normal human errors made during experimentation the apparatus itself could be improved. Pressure tapping 1 (the closest to the leading edge) and pressure tapping 8 (the closest to the trailing edge) were placed at 6. 5% and 75% respectively. What this means is that they are not centralized relative to the leading and trailing edge effectively meaning it is not able to be determined whet her or not the pressure is conserved.At a zero angle of incidence, the pressure at the tip of the leading edge should be equal to the pressure at the tip of the trailing edge. To improve this pressure tappings should exist at the LE and TE and possibly more pressure tappings across the aerofoil surface to provide more points for recording. Another source of improvement could be using a larger test section so that there is absolutely no disturbance in measuring the static pressure. However, this may only produce a minute difference in the data and may not be worthwhile for such little gain. ConclusionAs desired, a symmetric aerofoil was tested in transonic flow and the experimental results were compared to the theoretical values predicted by the PrandtlGlauert law. In the cases where there was a large disparity between experimental and theoretical results, an explanation was given, relying on the theory behind transonic flow. Bibliography H. H. Hurt, J. (1965). Aerodynamics for Naval Aviators. Naval Air Systems Command. Mason. (2006). Transonic aerodynamics of airfoils and wings. Virginia Tech. Motallebi. (2012). Surface Pressure Measurements on an Aerofoil in Transonic Flow. London: Queen Mary University of London.

Cross Dressing

Cross dressing is considered one of society’s abnormal ideas because of stereotypical gender roles. Stereotypical gender roles are stated as, biological females are feminine and biological males are masculine. Cross dressing does not represent the gender specific roles; in which men and women are suppose to follow. The idea of men and women acting and dressing like their opposite sex is unacceptable to the reality that they face. The movie The Bird Cage supports the idea that society’s stereotypical views on cross dressing remains unchanged. Society is not understanding of what is considered different from the normal. The stereotype that men are masculine and women are feminine is not the reality of gender versus sex. In â€Å"Sexual Mythologies† by Brian Pronger, he states that â€Å"Sex is a physiological distinction that is drawn between male and female, whereas gender is a cultural distinction that divides power between men and women. † (226) This represents the misconception that men are masculine and women are feminine. In reality gender is developed by cultural influence, and sex is genetic. In the movie The Bird Cage, Albert is born a male, but chooses to become feminine, therefore suggesting that men do not have to be masculine just because genetics say so. Cross dressing is defined as men who dress feminine and women who dress masculine, although society reacts more to men dressing as women as opposed to women dressing as men. Women dressing as men can be considered a â€Å"tomboy† which is common in society, whereas men dressing as women would be considered â€Å"homosexual or transsexual. † Why is it that women can wear men’s clothing, but men cannot wear women’s clothing? Society sees dresses as a representation of femininity and men are suppose to be masculine, and therefore men cannot wear dresses. Although pants are originally worn only by men, but because of changes in time; pants are considered unisexual. For instance, a woman walking down the street in pants; people probably do not even notice that she is wearing pants. But if a man walks down the street in a dress, people’s eyes will turn and they will begin whispering. Why should a man be looked at any differently in comparison to any woman? In the movie The Bird Cage, the society of South Beach is not a stereotypical norm. There are many homosexual and cross dressers within the city, and it is not considered abnormal. Armand and Albert are proud owners of a club that presents a nightly drag show. Their son, Val, is engaged to Senator Keeley’s daughter, Barbara. Val wants both families to meet, but the Keeley family does not know that Val’s parents are homosexual and run a drag show. Senator Keeley is a conservative man, and morally does not support homosexuals. Senator Keeley represents the stereotypical views of society. Armand makes a good point about how society feels about homosexuals and cross dressers. â€Å"Albert, these people are right-wing conservatives. They don’t care if you’re a pig, they just care if you’re a fag! † This quote represents the views of society about homosexual people or cross dressers. Armand pretends to be a straight man by showing how masculine he is by saying â€Å"Al, you old son of a bitch! How ya doin’? How do you feel about that call today? I mean the Dolphins! Fourth-and-three play on their 30 yard line with only 34 seconds to go! †¦ This shows that stereotypically men are suppose to be masculine and a sport that represents masculinity is football. Society has remained unchanged in their views about cross dressing because they choose to see and believe only what they want to see and hear. Why is it that a woman can wear pants? Back in the 19th century women were not allowed anything else except a dress. Society can accept th is change because of the influence of time and the boldness of women. In The Bird Cage, Louise Keeley (the senator’s wife) makes a great example of how society only perceives what it wants to perceive. Why, it looks like young men playing leapfrog!†¦ Is it Greek? † In reality Louise Keeley is look at a piece of china with pornographic pictures of young men. Louise Keeley does not see what is really there because she blinds herself in order to shield herself from what is considered immoral and in a sense horrible. Society also tries to hide and shield themselves from situations that they do not like, such as homosexuals, homeless people, cross dressers, etc. Just because society wants to blind itself, does not mean that these people do not exist. Cross dressing is viewed as wrong in the eyes of a stereotypical society. Biological men and women are supposed to be masculine and feminine respectively. Cross dressing is not considered a norm in society. This idea is seen through the movie The Bird Cage. In reality sex does not determine gender, as represented by Brian Pronger in â€Å"Sexual Mythologies. † Therefore sex cannot determine gender, but society will always view what it wants to see. Unless society can learn to accept people for who they are and what they wear, then we will have a truly have a society where there are no stereotypes.

Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day, Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime”

Education is important because to get further in life, people need to be educated.. In the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by George Bernard Shaw, education is the most important theme within the play. Education is the key to success because without being educated, you cannot get a job and live a fulfilling r life. Education is shown throughout the play when the theme is introduced, developed and concluded through the thoughts, actions and decisions of the characters. Bernard Shaw shares the important message that education is the key to success, in the play â€Å"Pygmalion† because it creates opportunity and the ability to improve.To begin, the theme is introduced when Eliza is not educated and when she is selling flowers in the streets of London to make money. Firstly, Eliza realizes that without an education, she has no power/ social status. This is evident when Eliza says, â€Å"†¦ What’s that? That aint proper writing. I can’t read that. † (Shaw 14) . This is significant because, she realizes that she can’t read and to get the respect she wants, she needs to be educated. Furthermore,, people judge her on her lack of speech. This is evident when Mr. , Higgins says, â€Å"I can (read that). Cheer up, Keptin; n’baw ya flahr orf a pore gel.† (Shaw 14).This is significant because Mr. Higgins is making fun of her speech and judges her based on her appearance and lack of good English. All in all, the play demonstrates the idea that an education opens doors to opportunities and, to be successful, people need a proper education. Furthermore, the theme is developed when Eliza receives an education from Mr. Higgins. For example, Eliza goes to Higgins house to receive an education. This becomes clear to the reader when Eliza emphasises, â€Å"†¦ I’m coming to have lessons, I am. And to pay for em t?-oo: make no mistake† (Shaw26).This shows that she understands that by receiving lessons/education to i mprove herself, she knows that her life will improve and she will be able to get the job and respect that she wants. . She fully expects that with an improved education, she is able to transform into a member of a higher social class. For instance, Eliza fails at the garden party and gives herself away. This apparent when Eliza notes, â€Å"But it’s my belief they done the old women in† (Shaw60). Here the reader sees that she gives herself away because she doesn’t use high society grammar and speech.She goes back to her bad grammar by saying â€Å"†¦they done the old†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Eliza goes back to her gutter grammar and does not use the proper grammar that Higgins taught her. She realizes that she has to listen and use the proper grammar to be able to be treated better. Overall, the theme of education develops when Eliza takes the initiative to change her life. The problem is that she changes herself to make other people happy instead of herself, and sh e loses her identity in the process. Moreover, the theme is concluded when Eliza gains an education and she is able to get a job.She realizes she has the power to do what she wants because her new found education has improved her life. This becomes clearer to the reader when Eliza remarks, â€Å"I’ll marry Freddy, I will, as soon as I’m able to support him† (Shaw 103). This tells us that Higgins doesn’t want her to marry Freddy but because she has an education, she has a right to fight for what she believes. By completing her education, she creates a middle class, where people can be educated and have a right to be educated.. Throughout her journey, Eliza realizes that happiness is found from within.This is apparent when Eliza says, â€Å"I’ll advertize it in the paper that your duchess is only a flower girl that you have taught† (Shaw104). From this, the reader can understand that Mr. Higgins won the bet and that it is possible for a poor g irl to get an education and become successful. Overall, this shows that education is the most vital theme and that education is the key to success. As a result, Eliza realizes that without an education, there is no happiness in life. Throughout the play, â€Å"Pygmalion† by Bernard Shaw, the author emphasises that education is the key to success.To be successful, one needs a good education and love for learning. With this, an individual will have a higher chance for getting a job. Education is emphasised when it is introduced, developed and concluded through the characters actions, thoughts and decisions. People who say that education is not important, have a lack of understanding of the power of education and will not go far in life. In contrast, people, who believe that education is important, will always go further in life because it opens doors and provides more opportunities that can better ones future.Overall, the play demonstrates the importance of having a strong iden tity in order to gain respect and become a valued member of society. . This is apparent when Terry Fox states, â€Å"Anything is possible if you try, dreams are made possible if you try†. ESSAY ROUGH COPY Name: Annie PendleburyTopic: Education Teacher: Ms. Hogeboom Audience: Anyone who is educated or not educated Course: ENG 1D1 Date: November 24 2011 Teach Him How to Fish, he Eats Forever Education is important because to get further in life, people you need to be educated. , to get a job and live properly.In the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by George Bernard Shaw, education is the most main themeimportant theme within the play. Education is the most important theme key to success because without beingan educateducatedion, you cannot get a job and live a fulfilling proper life. Education is shown throughout the play when the theme isit introduced, developed and concluded through the thoughts, actions and decisions of the characters. Bernard Shaw shares the important message that education is the ost important theme inkey to success, in the play â€Å"Pygmalion† because it creates opportunity and the ability to improve throughout the into, body and conclusion.To begin, the theme is introduced when Eliza is not educated and when when she is selling flowers in the streets of London to make money. Firstly, Eliza realizes that without an education, she has no power/ social status. This is evident when Eliza says, â€Å"†¦ What’s that? That aint proper writing. I can’t read that. † (Shaw, 14). This is significant because, she realizes that she can’t read and that to get the respect she wants, she needshas to be educated. Furthermore,Lastly, people judge her on her lack of speech. This is evident when Mr. , Higgins says, â€Å"I can (read that).. Cheer up, Keptin; n’baw ya flahr orf a pore gel. † (Shaw, 14). This is significant because Mr. Higgins is making fun of her speech and judges her based on her app earance and lack of good English. All in all, the play demonstrates the idea that an education opens doors too many pathsto opportunities and ,and, to be successful, people need a proper education. education is key to success. Furthermore, the theme is developed when. Eliza is receivingreceives an education from Mr. Higgins. For example, Eliza goes to Higgins house to receive an education.This becomes clear to the reader when Eliza emphasises, that â€Å"†¦ I’m coming to have lessons, I am. And to pay for em t?-oo: make no mistake† (Shaw, 26). This shows that she understands that by receiving lessons/education to improve herself, she knows that her life will improve and she will be able to get the job and respect that she wants. will be for her benefit. She fully expects that she will be able to pay for these lessons and that with anthe improved education, she is able to transform into a member of she will be higher ina higher social class.For instance, Eliza fail s at the garden party and gives herself away. This apparent when Eliza notes, â€Å"But it’s my belief they done the old women in† (Shaw, 60). Here the reader we sees that she gives herself away because she doesn’t use high society grammar and speech. She goes back to her bad grammar by saying â€Å"†¦they done the old†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Eliza goes back to her gutter grammar and does not use the proper grammar that Higgins taught her. She realizes that she has to listen and use the proper grammar to be able to be treated better. Overall, education is developed throughout the character thoughts, actions and decisions.the theme of education develops when Eliza takes the initiative to change her life. The problem is that she changes herself to make other people happy instead of herself, and she loses her identity in the process. Moreover, the theme is concluded when†¦ Eliza has angains an education and she is able to get a job shejob. She realizes she has th e power to do whatever she wants when she has educationwhat she wants because her new found education has improved her life. This becomes clearer to the reader when Eliza remarks, â€Å"I’ll marry Freddy, I will, as soon as I’m able to support him† (Shaw, 103).This tells us that Higgins doesn’t want her to marry Freddy but since because she has an education, she has a right to fight for what she believes. By completing her education, do what she wants to do. Sshe creates a middle class, where people can have an educationbe educated and have a right to be educated.. Throughout her journey, Eliza realizes that Hhappiness is found from within. This is apparent when Eliza says, â€Å"I’ll advertize it in the paper that your duchess is only a flower girl that you have taught† (Shaw, 104).From this, the reader can understand that Mr.  Higgins won the bet and that it is possible for a poor girl to get an education and become successful. Overall, this shows that education is the most vital theme and that education is the key to success. and is the key to success. As a result, Eliza realizes that without an education, there is no happiness in life. Throughout the play, â€Å"Pygmalion† by Bernard Shaw, the author emphasises that education is the key to success. To be successful you need ana good education and a love for learning BECAUSE. Education is emphasiseds when it is introduced, developed and concluded. concluded through the characters actions, thoughts and decisions.People who say that education is not important bad, have no expectationsa lack of understanding of the power of education and will not go far in life. In contrast, People, who believe that education is importantgood, will always go further in life BECCAUSE. Overall, the play demonstrates the importance of having a strong identity in order to gain respect and become a valued member of society. So if ones believe, he can achieve. This is apparent when Terry Fox states, â€Å"Anything is possible if you try, dreams are made possible if you try†.ESSAY OUTLINE Name: Annie PendleburyTopic: Education Teacher: Ms.  Hogeboom Audience: Anyone who is educated or not educated Course: ENG 1D1 Date: November 24 2011 Engaging Title: Teach Him How to Fish, he Eats Forever INTRO Topic sentence: Education is important because to get further in life, you need to be educated, to get a job and life properly. Harness: In the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by George Bernard Shaw, education is the main theme. Thesis: Education is the most important theme because without an education, you cannot get a job and live a proper life. Arguments: Education is shown throughout the play when it introduced, developed and concluded through the thoughts, actions and decisions of the characters.Concluding sentence: Bernard Shaw shares that education is the most important theme in the play Pygmalion throughout the into, body and conclusion. Body: Number 1 TRA NSITION: Topic sentence: To begin, the theme is introduced when†¦ Eliza is not educated and she is selling flowers in the streets of London to make money. Point: Firstly, Eliza realizes that without an education, she has no power/ social status. Quotation: â€Å"†¦ What’s that? That aint proper writing. I can’t read that. † (Shaw,14). Significance: This is significant because, she realizes that she can’t read and that to get the respect she wants, she has to be educated.Point: Lastly, people judge her on her lack of speech. Quotation: â€Å"I can. Cheer up, Keptin; n’baw ya flahr orf a pore gel. † (Shaw,14). Significance: This is significant because Mr. Higgins is making fun of her speech and judges her based on her appearance and lack of good English. Concluding sentence: All in all, an education opens doors too many paths and , education is key to success. Body: Number 2 TRANSITION: Topic sentence: Furthermore, the theme is devel oped when†¦ Eliza is receiving an education Point: For example, Eliza goes to Higgins house to receive an education Quotation: â€Å"†¦ I’m coming to have lessons, I am.And to pay for em t?-oo: make no mistake†( Shaw, 26). Significance: This shows that she understands that by receiving lessons/education to improve herself will be for her benefit. She fully expects that she will be able to pay for these lessons and that with the improved education she will be higher in social class. Point: for instance, Eliza fails at the garden party and gives herself away Quotation: â€Å"But it’s my belief they done the old women in† (Shaw, 60).Significance: This is significant because she gives herself away because she doesn’t use high society grammar and speech. Concluding sentence: Overall, education is developed throughout the character thoughts, actions and decisions. Body: Number 3 Transition: Topic sentence: Moreover, the theme is concluded whenà ¢â‚¬ ¦ Eliza has an education and she is able to get a job Point: She realizes she has the power to do whatever she wants when she has education Quotation: â€Å"I’ll marry Freddy, I will, as soon as I’m able to support him† (Shaw, 103).Significance: This significant because Higgins doesn’t want her to marry Freddy but since she has an education she has a word in what she wants to do. Point: She creates middle class, where people can have an education. Happiness is found from with in Quotation: â€Å"I’ll advertize it in the paper that your duchess is only a flower girl that you have taught† (Shaw, 104). Significance: This shows that she is saying that Concluding sentence: Overall, this shows that education is the most vital theme and is the key to success.ConclusionTransition: As a result, Eliza realizes that without an education, there is no happiness in life. Thesis: Throughout the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by Bernard Shaw, the author emphasises that education is the key to success. Arguments: To be successful you need an education. Education is emphasises when it is introduced, developed and concluded. Final thought: People who say that education is bad, have no expectations and will not go far in life. People, who believe that education is good, will always go further in life. So if ones believes, he can achieve.